. Do capitalismo para o capitalismo A grande desilusão do século é o socialismo A virada para o século 20 foi comemorada em grande estilo na passagem de 1900 para 1901. Grandes festas também ocorreram no ano anterior, como no Rio de Janeiro, mas dominou a opinião segundo a qual 1900 só podia ser o décimo ano da última década do século 19. Argumentava-se que sendo o século 19 um período de grandes descobertas científicas e revolucionárias invenções, triunfo da razão, não fazia sentido ceder a modismos e superstições que marcavam não apenas o fim do século, mas o do mundo para 1o de janeiro de 1900. A ciência determinava a virada para 1901 – e isso não era o fim de coisa alguma. Ao contrário, as festas se davam em ambiente de firme otimismo em relação ao futuro: a ciência moderna se fizera no século 19 e confirmaria sua supremacia nos cem anos seguintes. Os cariocas, que haviam comemorado de véspera, convenceram-se ao longo do ano e voltaram às ruas em 31 de dezembro de 1900. (1) Já na nossa virada, não houve quem convencesse que a grande festa deveria ter sido há três semanas, no alvorecer de 2001, e não um ano atrás, como ocorreu não apenas no Rio, mas no mundo todo. E não se pode dizer que este seja um período de obscurantismo. Ao contrário, a ciência seguiu sua marcha de êxitos. Além disso, acelerou-se a velocidade com que uma descoberta acadêmica se transforma em nova tecnologia e chega à vida das pessoas. Com isso, os objetos da ciência – como o computador e a Internet, marcas do século 20 – estão mais presentes no cotidiano. Para resumir, qualquer um sabia que 2000 era o último ano do século 20. Está certo que a virada para 2000 foi mais emblemática que para 1900. Trocaram-se todos os quatro algarismos, de modo que pelo menos nos números iniciava-se um novo milênio. Foi, aliás, a saída encontrada por publicações mais cuidadosas. Deram o título “O Milênio” para as suas edições especiais, esclarecendo que o novo século só viria mais à frente. Recorreram, portanto, a um fator estético para justificar a adesão ao entendimento universal que mandava concentrar a comemoração no reveillon de 2000. De onde teria vindo esse entendimento? Do mercado. Só pode ter sido isso, a mão invisível coordenando as expectativas. Seria, portanto, o caso de dizer que hoje o mercado manda mais do que há um século. Mas não é simples assim. Além dos grandes sucessos da ciência e da tecnologia, as duas últimas viradas de século se parecem pelo ambiente econômico. Nos dois casos, dominância do capitalismo liberal: países abertos, ampla circulação de mercadorias e de capital, grande fase do comércio internacional. A diferença – e que diferença! – estava no lado do socialismo. No início do século 20, o ideal socialista ganhava adeptos pelo mundo todo. Todo o progresso que o capitalismo havia criado, mas para poucos, seria distribuído a todos, em regime de liberdade e igualdade. A própria idéia de socialismo era uma criação do século 19, entregue ao século 20 em estado puro, proposta ainda não praticada em país algum. Tratava-se de um sonho, mas adequado ao espírito positivo da época, voltado para o progresso e a razão como instrumentos do bem estar e da liberdade, para cada um e para a humanidade. Os avanços da medicina – raio X, a vacinação, a anestesia – libertavam o homem de seus sofrimentos físicos. A locomotiva, os automóveis, os navios, os balões libertavam o homem de suas localidades. O telégrafo sem fio e o telefone eliminavam os limites da comunicação pessoal. A psicanálise haveria de libertar o homem, enquanto indivíduo, dos sofrimentos da alma. E finalmente o socialismo libertaria o homem, como humanidade, dos sofrimentos econômicos e sociais. Não se dizia socialismo científico? Passados os cem anos, socialismo traz à mente regimes autoritários, ditaduras sangrentas e, no geral, atraso tecnológico. Sim, a antiga União Soviética foi primeiro ao espaço, mas tratava-se de um esforço nacional, estratégia e símbolo, que até exauriu recursos que poderiam ter sido destinados a outros setores mais úteis à população. Eis um exemplo interessante (2): o cientista russo Nikolai Anichkov descobriu que o colesterol causa a arteriosclerose em 1913, a quatro anos do final do regime czarista. A descoberta ficou restrita a seus amigos e colaboradores e assim continuou por muitos anos depois, exatos 41 anos, durante o regime comunista ao qual Anichkov havia aderido. O texto básico só existia em russo, os poderes locais não chegaram a perceber a importância da coisa e o cientista não tinha meios – acesso à imprensa internacional, por exemplo – para divulgá-la. Apenas em 1958, uma revista americana especializada, “Circulation”, anunciou ao mundo a descoberta de Anichkov, relacionando-a entre as maiores da história da medicina. Isso se confirmou nos anos seguintes, com as pesquisas que então passaram a ser feitas pelo mundo afora. O exemplo foi escolhido de propósito. A tese que aqui se sugere é que a ciência, a inovação, as descobertas, em poucas palavras, as novas idéias e suas aplicações somente florescem em ambiente de liberdade. O capitalismo mundial acumulou muitas culpas ao longo do último século. Patrocinou ditaduras, colonizou – desculpem, subjugou povos, frequentemente com o pretexto de defendê-los de ditaduras comunistas. Mas é verdade também que ali onde houve liberdade política, havia também um regime capitalista, com direito de propriedade e liberdade de empreender. Ali se deu o progresso científico e tecnológico. E ali se concentrou a produção de riqueza. Resumo da ópera: o século 20 não realizou os sonhos da partida. Apenas 14 anos depois de iniciado, o otimismo e o sentimento de confiança afundaram sob os canhões e os aviões – o progresso! – da Primeira Guerra. E assim seguiram-se outras tragédias. Mas a grande desilusão política foi o socialismo. E começamos o século 21 de novo com o capitalismo como regime dominante. Há, entretanto, importantes mudanças políticas, todas privilegiando a liberdade. No mundo de hoje, por exemplo, ninguém justifica uma ditadura como defesa contra outra ditadura. A crítica ao capitalismo é a mesma: não distribui a riqueza gerada. Mas olhando para trás verifica-se que os países mais ricos, onde as pessoas vivem melhor e com mais renda, usufruindo mais dos progressos da ciência, são justamente os países que praticaram o capitalismo ao longo do século 20. Quer dizer alguma coisa. (1) Virando Séculos – 1890-1914 – No tempo das certezas, Angela Marques da Costa e Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, Companhia das Letras (2) As Dez Maiores Descobertas da Medicina – Meyer Friedman e Gerald W. Friedland, Companhia das Letras (Publicado em O Estado de S.Paulo, 15/01/2001)
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